Note: Page numbers of articles titles are in boldface type.
A
Anemia, preoperative, and hip fracture, 375, 376
Anorexia, alterations in nutritional status in, 317
and cachexia therapy, functional assessment of (FAACT), 319
assessment of management of, 318–319, 320
chronic low-grade inflammation and, 317
cognitive impairment and, 318
depression and, 318
gastrointestinal muscular tone and, 316
medications review in, 317
nutritional counseling in, 316
of aging, 315–323
treatment options for, 320–321
risk factors for, 317–318
social factors causing risk of malnutrition and, 318
taste and smell alterations and, 316
Anorexia/nutrition care pathway, 320
B
Brain, neurotoxic ß-amyloid accumulation in, cognitive frailty and, 346
C
Cachexia, muscle loss in, 309
Cachexia therapy, anorexia and, functional assessment of (FAACT), 319
Cardiac disorders, in depression, 388
Cognition, and frailty, relationship between, 341
Cognitive decline, age-related, 325
Cognitive frailty, 339–355
approach to, 340–341
cardiovascular risk factors for, 341–345
controversy concerning, 348–349
depression and, 347
hormonal changes involved in, 346
inflammation and, 346
lifestyle and mental health issues in, 347
mechanisms of, 341–347
neurotoxic ß-amyloid accumulation in brain and, 346
nigral neuronal loss and, 346–347
nutrition as influence on, 345–346
prevention of, 348
proposed definition of, 340
tools to measure, 347–348
Cognitive function, and frailty, association between, 342–344
Cognitive impairment, and anorexia, 318
and frailty, link between, history of, 340–341, 345
mild, 325–337
amnestic, 325
characteristics of, 325, 326
depression causing, 328
early diagnosis of, 332
epidemiology of, 326–327
imaging studies and biomarkers in, 331–332
in obstructive sleep apnea, 328
lifestyle modifications in, 333
metabolic deficiencies causing, 328
nonamnestic, 325
pathophysiology of, 327
polypharmacy causing, 328
progression to dementia, 332
reversible causes of, 327–328
risk factors for, 327
screening and diagnosis in, 329
screening instruments in, 329–331
treatment of, 332–333
Cognitive screen, rapid, 434
D
Delirium, attention and, 397
awareness of, future of, 408–409
causes of, 398–399, 400
cognitive changes in, neuropathophysiology hypotheses of, 399–400
cognitive processes for, 396–398
consciousness and, 396–397
consequences of, 394, 396
definition of, 394
diagnosis of, and screening for, 396–398
dissecting of, 393–413
ignored by health care, 396
phenotypes of, 394
phenotypic categorical models of, 395
placebo-controlled intensive care unit studies in, 401, 403
placebo-controlled trials in, 401, 402
randomized, 401, 404–405
prevalence and incidence of, 394, 395
prevention of, and treatment of, nonpharmacologic, 406–408
pharmacologic, 400–405
in people in institutional long-term care, 406–408
multicomponent nonpharmacologic, 406, 407
single component nonpharmacologic, 406
with arousal, screening for, 398
Delirium screening, “rapid,” 397–398, 399
Dementia, end-of-life care and palliative care in, 422, 423
progression of mild cognitive impairment to, 332
DEMENTIAS mnemonic, 434
Depression, and anorexia, 318
and cognitive frailty, 347
assessing of, challenges in, 385
cardiac comorbidities in, 388
causing mild cognitive impairment, 328
diagnosis of, strategies to improve reliability of, 385
endocrine disorders in, 388
medical comorbidities in, 388, 389
medication-induced, 387–388
neurologic or psychiatric comorbidities in, 388–389
screening for, in clinical encounter, 384–385
in waiting room, 384
with psychotic symptoms, 386–387
Depression assessment, rapid, in geriatric patients, 383–391
Disability, and frailty, relationship between, 295
E
End-of-life care, and palliative care, advantages of, 417
and signs of dying process in, 420, 421
dementia and, 422, 423
determining life expectancy during, 420–422
integrating of, in geriatric assessment, 415–429
prognostic indicators in, 420, 422
prognostication in, 417–419
quality of, challenges to, 427
quality of death in, 417
scope and definition of, 416, 420
shared decision-making in, 416
transition from curative care to, 419, 420
clinical care in, 425–427
Endocrine disorders, in depression, 388
F
Falls, cognition and mood disorders and, 360
comprehensive physical examination in, 363
fracture risk assessment in, 362–363
frailty, nutrition, oral health, 360
home and environmental assessment in, 364
in aging population, 357–368
in gait, balance, and neurologic impairment, 360–361
in sensory impairment, 359
laboratory and imaging investigations in, 364
medications review and, 363
nutrition, appetite, and sarcopenia assessment in, 362
orthostatic hypotension and, 361
prevalence, location, and consequences of, 358–359
prevention of, interventions for, 364
risk factors for, 359–361
risk of, high, 362–364
low, 361
screening and assessment of, 361–364
sedentary behavior and, 360
Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT) and, 362
FRAIL acronym, 296–297
FRAIL screening test, 432
Frailty, and cognition, relationship between, 341
and cognitive function, association between, 342–344
and cognitive impairment, link between, history of, 340–341, 345
and disability, relationship between, 295
assessment of, 295–297
cognitive. See Cognitive frailty.
concept of, in geriatric medicine literature, 294
definition of, 293, 294, 295
in older persons, 293–303
management of, 297–299
natural course of, 300
specific issues in, 299–300
related to sarcopenia, 308–309
scientific publications on, 294
Frailty Index, 296, 363
Frailty phenotype, 295–296
physical, 432–433
G
Geriatric assessment, quality palliative and end-of-life care, integrating of, 415–429
rapid, 431–440
advance directives and, 434
H
Hip fracture, cognition assessment in, 370–371
comorbidities and frailty in, 372–373
high-risk cardiac conditions and, 370
history taking in, 370
imaging in, 375, 376
medication review in, 373–374
mortality and morbidity due to, indicators of, 375–377
nutrition assessment in, 372
physical examination and pain assessment in, 371
preoperative anemia and, 375
preoperative assessment in, 369–376, 377
preoperative investigations and, 374–375
rapid geriatric assessment of, 369–382
surgical risk in, 372
timing of surgery in, 370
vital signs assessment in, 371
Hormonal changes, and cognitive frailty, 346
I
Inflammation, and cognitive frailty, 346
low-grade, anorexia and, 317
INTER-FRAIL instrument, 297
M
MEALS-ON-WHEELS, 433
Medications, inducing depression, 387–388
Medications review, and hip fracture, 373–374
falls and, 363
in anorexia, 317
Mental health issues, and cognitive frailty, 347
Mental Status Examination, Saint Louis University (SLUMS), 329–330, 388, 434
Muscle fiber structure, age-related changes in, 306
Muscle loss, in cachexia, 309
Muscle mass, and function, regulators of, 307
loss of, 305
consequences of, 307–308
Muscle tone, anorexia and, 316
N
Neuronal loss, nigral, and cognitive frailty, 346–347
O
Obstructive sleep apnea, mild cognitive impairment in, 329
Orthostatic hypotension, falls and, 361
P
Palliative care, and end-of-life care. See End-of-life care, and palliative care.
Palliative clinical care, 423–425
Palliative Performance Scale, 422, 424
Parkinson disease patients, suicide in, 389
Polypharmacy, causing mild cognitive impairment, 328
Psychiatric impairments, in depression, 388–389
Psychosis, assessment of, 387
R
Rapid Geriatric Assessment, Saint Louis University (RGA), 431, 432
Resilience, definition of, 294–297
S
Saint Louis University, Mental Status Examination (SLUMS), 329–330, 388, 434
Rapid Geriatric Assessment (RGA), 431, 432
SARC-F questionnaire, 433
Sarco-osteoporosis, 309
Sarcopenia, 305–314
definition(s) of, 306, 433
compared, 306
diagnosis of, 309, 310
etiology of, 306–307
frailty related to, 308–309
modifiable causes of, 306–307
nutritional recommendations in, 311
prevalence of, 306
syndromes and diseases closely related to, 308–309
treatment of, biomarkers to monitor, 312
nonpharmaceutical, 310–311
pharmaceutical, 311–312
Sedentary behavior, falls and, 360
Sensory impairment, falls in, 359
Sherbrooke Postal Questionnaire, 6-item, 297
Simplified Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ), 319, 433
Suicidality, assessment of, 386
risk factors for, 385–386
Suicide, in Parkinson disease patients, 389
T
Tilburg Frailty Indicator, 296
Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT), in falls, 362
V
Vitamin K antagonists, hip fracture and, 373
