Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
A
Analgesics, in acute herpes zoster, 544
Antibiotic pharmacokinetics, age-related changes in, and impact on dosing, 444, 445
aging and, 444–446
and changes in body composition, 445, 446
Antibiotic therapy, in bacterial pneumonia, 468–471
initial, choosing of, 447
optimal, prescription of, 448–450
Antibiotic use, in older adults, 443, 444
impact of, 444
Antibiotics, administration of, choosing route of, 450–451
and absorption by gastrointestinal tract, 450–451
and interactions with common drugs, 453–454
ß-lactam, choosing of, antimicrobial susceptibilities and, 448–450
bactericidal, 450
immuologic reactions to, 453
in Clostridium difficile infection, 517, 518
patient response to, and side effects of, 451
use in hosppital and long-term care facilities, 454–455
Antimicrobial agents, eliminated by hepatic metabolism, 446
side effects of, by organ system, 452–453
Antimicrobial therapy, in urinary tract infections, 529–531
principles of, in older adults, 443–457
Antiretroviral therapy, timing of, in human immunodeficiency virus, 575
Antiviral therapy, in acute herpes zoster, 542–544
Appendix, infections of, 500
B
B-cell aging, 423–424
Bacteriuria, asymptomatic, treatment of, 529
Biliary tract, infections of, 497–498
Biofilm, bone and joint infections and, 557
Bone and joint infections, biofilm and, 557
differential diagnosis of, 558
frailty and, 556
host factors for, in elderly patients, 556–557
in older adults, 555–570
Bowel, small, infections of, 500
Buried bumper syndrome, chronic, 499
C
Capsaicin, in postherpetic neuralgia, 548
Catheter, indwelling, urinary tract infections in, 532–533
Cephalosporins, 450
Clostridium difficile, causing wide spectrum of infection, 514
Clostridium difficile infection, clinical manifestations of, 516
epidemiology of, 514–515
intraabdominal, 502
laboratory diagnosis of, 516–517
pathogenesis of, 515
prevention of, 519
risk factors for, 515–516
treatment of, 517–519
Colon, infections of, 501–502
Corticosteroids, in acute herpes zoster, 544
Creatinine clearance, in older adults, 446
D
Dendritic cells, age-related changes in, 418
Diabetes mellitus, human immunodeficiency virus and, 578
Diabetic foot infections, 560–561
Diarrhea, infectious, 509–522
Clostridium difficile as cause of. See Clostridium difficile infection.
norovirus as cause of. See Norovirus.
Diphtheria toxoid, reduced, 622
Diphtheria vaccination, 619
Duodenum, and stomach, infections of, 498–500
F
Fecal microbiota transplant, in Clostridium difficile infection, 517–519
Fever, as adaptive host defense nechanism, 436–437
criterion for, 438
pathogenesis of, 437
significance of, temperature, and fever of unknown origin, 438–439
Foot, diabetic infections of, 560–561
Frailty, and bone and joint infections, 556
G
Gabapentin, in postherpetic neuralgia, 545–548
Gastrostomy tube(s), acute migration of, 499
complications of, 499
displacement of internal balloon of, 499–500
Glucocorticoids, in bacterial pneumonia, 471
H
Herpes zoster, 539–553
clinical features of, 540–542
diagnosis of, 542
epidemiology of, 540
in aging, 539–540
prevention of, 549–551
rash due to, 541
treatment of, 542–545
Hip replacement, and knee replacement, prosthetic joint infections in, 561
Host resistance, and immune aging, 415–432
Human immunodeficiency virus, complications of, 576
diagnosis of, and case definition, 572, 574
epidemiology of, 572, 573
incident diabetes mellitus and, 578
kidney disease in, 579
liver disease in, 579
metabolic syndrome and, 579
neurocognitive deficits in, 579
osteoporosis in, 579
prevention of, 580
pulmonary disease in, 580
treatment of, 574–576
response to, 575
selection of, 575, 576, 577–578
timing of antiretroviral therapy in, 575
Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, in older adults, 571–583
I
Immune aging, host resistance and, 415–432
systems analysis of, 424–425
Immune response, altered, studies in, future directions in, 425
Immune system, adaptive, age-associated alterations in, 424
changes with aging, 420–424
innate, age-related alterations in, 419–420, 421
inflammatory dysregulation in, 416
Immunity, innate, changes in, 416–420
Immunologic function, changes in, 415–416
Immunotherapy, in Clostridium difficile infection, 517
Infection(s), blunted febrile response to, 435–437
clinical features of, in older adults, 433–441
diabetic, of foot, 560–561
in nursing homes. See Nursing homes, infections in.
intraabdominal, anatomic classification of, 493–494
clinical evaluation of, 494–495
Clostridium difficile infection, 501–502
important considerations in, 496–497
in older adults, 493–507
management options in, 495–496
of appendix, 500
of biliary tract, 497–498
of colon, 500–501
of pancreas, spleen, and liver, 502–503
of small bowel, 498–500
of stomach and duodenum, 498–500
nonclassical presentations of, 435, 436
of prosthetic joints. See Prosthetic joint infections.
presumptive, initial approach to, 447, 448
Infectious diseases, presentation of, in old age, 434–435
Inflammation, age-related, origins of, 419–420
dysregulation of, age-related, 416
Influenza, and influenza vaccination, 610–613
epidemiology of, 610–611
Influenza vaccination, effectiveness of, 611, 612
influenza and, 610–613
of health care workers, 613–614
Influenza vaccines, and vaccine administration, 613
effects on cardiovascular events, 611, 612
for use in adults 65 years old and older, 611, 613
J
Joints, infections of, osteoarthritis and, 556, 557
native, infections of, 557–559
prosthetic, infections of. See Prosthetic joint infections.
K
Knee replacement, and hip replacement, prosthetic joint infections in, 561
L
Lidocaine patch, topical, in postherpetic neuralgia, 545
Liver, infections of, 502–503
M
Monocytes, innate immune responses and, 417–418
N
Natural killer cells, age-related changes in, 418–419
Neutrophils, function with age, 416–417
Norovirus, 509–514
burden in United States, 509, 510
clinical manifestations of, 512
diagnosis of, 512
prevention/intervention in, 513
symptoms of, 511
transmission electron micrograph of, 509, 510
transmission of, 511–512
treatment of, 512–513
Norovirus vaccines and antivirals, 513–514
Nortriptyline, in postherpetic neuralgia, 548
Nursing homes, antibiotic use in, 586
infections in, antibiotic stewardship programs in, 592
burden of, and importance of colonization, 588–590
common, epidemiology of, 588–591
diagnosis of, challenges of, 592
due to exposure to infectious materials, 595
environmental-level and institutional-level, risk factors for, 586
inappropriate use of antibiotics in, 588, 589
lower respiratory tract, 591
prevention and control programs in, 592–601
device care and, 598–599
hand hygiene and, 597–598
infection control committee and, 593
isolation precautions in, 595
key elements in, 593–597
multidrug-resistant organism prevention and, 599, 600
staff education and, 599–601
transmision-based precautions in, 595, 596
recognition of, and antimicrobial programs in, 591–592
resident risk factors for, 586
risk factors for, 586–588
skin and soft tissue, 591
urinary tract, 590–591
O
Opioids, in postherpetic neuralgia, 548
Osteoarthritis, joint infections and, 556, 557
Osteomyelitis, bone and joint infections and, 555–556, 560–561
chronic, 559–560
classification of, 560
incidence of, 560
treatment of, 560–561
P
Pancreas, infections of, 502
Pertussis acellular vaccination, 622
Pertussis (whooping cough), incidence of, 619, 622
Pneumococcal disease, and pneumococcal vaccination, 614–615
epidemiology of, 614–615
Pneumococcal vaccination, pneumococcal disease and, 614–615
Pneumococcal vaccine(s), administration recommendations, 616–618
conjugated, 616, 617
polysaccharide, 614–615
Pneumonia, acute care hospital management in, 434
bacterial, antibiotic therapy in, 468–471
care in, decision of site for, 466–468
causes of, 460
and etiologic diagnosis of, 462
clinical features of, 464–465
community-acquired, cause in European countries, 462–463
comorbid illnesses in, 462, 463
components of care in, 470, 471–472
epidemiology of, 460–462
failure to improve with therapy, considerations in, 470–471
glucocorticoids in, 471
in older adults, 459–477
increased weight and lung consolidation in, 460
long-term outcomes of, 472
pathogenesis of, 461–462
radiographic assessment of, 465–466
risk factors for, 461–462
patient presentation in, 435
Postherpetic neuralgia, noninvasive treatments in, 549
pharmacotherapy in, 545–549
treatment of, 545–549
Probiotics, in Clostridium difficile infection, 517
Prosthetic joint infections, 555, 561–566
after knee and hip replacement, 561
diagnosis of, 562
joint aspiration in, 562–563
radiographs in, 562, 563
risk factors for, 562
spacers in, 564, 565
treatment of, 563–566
S
Spleen, infections of, 502–503
Stomach, and duodenum, infections of, 498–500
T
T-cell aging, 420–423
Temperature, baseline, significance of fever, and fever of unknown origin, 438–439
Tetanus, clinical manifestations of, 618
Tetanus toxoid, 622
Tuberculosis, chest radiography and computer-aided diagnosis in, 483–484
clinical characteristics of, 482
diagnosis of, 482–485
epidemiology of, 480–481
in older adults, 479–491
infection control issues in, 489
interferon-gamma release assays in, 483
laboratory diagnosis in, 484
latent, treatment of, 488–489
lipoarabinomannan as biomarker in, 485
molecular diagnostics in, 484–485
pathogenesis of, 481–482
serologic tests in, 485
treatment of, 485–488
tuberculin skin testing in, 482–483
reactions to, 488–489
U
Urinary tract infections, antimicrobial treatment of, 529–531
duration of, 531
prophylactic, 531
association with estrogen therapy, in postmenopausal women, 526
diagnosis of, in community population, 527–528
in long-term care facility, 528
epidemiology of, 524–525
in community populations, 524–525
in indwelling catheter, diagnosis of, 532–533
epidemiology of, 532
pathogenesis of, 532
prevention of, 533
treatment of, 533
in institutionalized populations, 525
in nursing homes, 590–591
in older adult, 523–538
laboratory diagnosis of, 528–529
urine culture in, 528–529
microbiology of, in comunity population, 527
pathogenesis of, in community population, 525
in long-term care facility, 527
prevention of, 531
symptomatic, asymptomatic bacteriuria and, 524
V
Vaccinations, for individuals with chronic disease and immunocompromised states, 618
for older adult, 609–625
recommendations for adults 65 years and older, 618–619, 623
to prevent disease, incidence and cost of, 609, 610
Z
Zoster vaccine, live attenuated, 549–551
subunit adjuvanted, 551
