Advertisement
Review Article| Volume 25, ISSUE 4, P563-577, November 2009

Download started.

Ok

The Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly: Morbidity, Mortality, and Costs

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Clinics in Geriatric Medicine
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • U.S. Census Bureau
        U.S. population projections: 2010 to 2050.
        U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC2008 (Available at:) (Accessed April 15, 2009)
        • Fried L.P.
        • Borhani N.O.
        • Enright P.
        • et al.
        The Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale.
        Ann Epidemiol. 1991; 1: 263-276
        • Lloyd-Jones D.
        • Adams R.
        • Carnethon M.
        • et al.
        Heart disease and stroke statistics–2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee.
        Circulation. 2009; 119: e21-181
        • National Institute of Health
        • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
        Incidence and prevalence: 2006 chart book on cardiovascular and lung diseases.
        National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (MD)2006 (Available at:) (Accessed March 9, 2009)
        • Arnold A.M.
        • Psaty B.M.
        • Kuller L.H.
        • et al.
        Incidence of cardiovascular disease in older Americans: the cardiovascular health study.
        J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005; 53: 211-218
        • Lloyd-Jones D.M.
        • Larson M.G.
        • Beiser A.
        • et al.
        Lifetime risk of developing coronary heart disease.
        Lancet. 1999; 353: 89-92
        • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
        Morbidity and mortality: 2007 chart book on cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases.
        National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (MD)2007
        • Mittelmark M.B.
        • Psaty B.M.
        • Rautaharju P.M.
        • et al.
        Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases among older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study.
        Am J Epidemiol. 1993; 137: 311-317
        • Rich M.W.
        • Bosner M.S.
        • Chung M.K.
        • et al.
        Is age an independent predictor of early and late mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction?.
        Am J Med. 1992; 92: 7-13
        • National Center for Health Statistics
        • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
        Compressed mortality file: underlying cause of death.
        (Available at:) (Accessed March 9, 2009)
        • Lloyd-Jones D.M.
        • Larson M.G.
        • Leip E.P.
        • et al.
        Lifetime risk for developing congestive heart failure: the Framingham Heart Study.
        Circulation. 2002; 106: 3068-3072
        • Breek J.C.
        • Hamming J.F.
        • De Vries J.
        • et al.
        Quality of life in patients with intermittent claudication using the World Health Organisation (WHO) questionnaire.
        Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2001; 21: 118-122
        • Izquierdo-Porrera A.M.
        • Gardner A.W.
        • Bradham D.D.
        • et al.
        Relationship between objective measures of peripheral arterial disease severity to self-reported quality of life in older adults with intermittent claudication.
        J Vasc Surg. 2005; 41: 625-630
        • Newman A.B.
        • Siscovick D.S.
        • Manolio T.A.
        • et al.
        Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Cardiovascular Heart Study (CHS) Collaborative Research Group.
        Circulation. 1993; 88: 837-845
        • Barasch E.
        • Gottdiener J.S.
        • Larsen E.K.
        • et al.
        Clinical significance of calcification of the fibrous skeleton of the heart and aortosclerosis in community dwelling elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS).
        Am Heart J. 2006; 151: 39-47
        • Roberts W.C.
        The senile cardiac calcification syndrome.
        Am J Cardiol. 1986; 58: 572-574
        • Roberts W.C.
        • Shirani J.
        Comparison of cardiac findings at necropsy in octogenarians, nonagenarians, and centenarians.
        Am J Cardiol. 1998; 82: 627-631
        • Fox C.S.
        • Vasan R.S.
        • Parise H.
        • et al.
        Mitral annular calcification predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
        Circulation. 2003; 107: 1492-1496
        • Benjamin E.J.
        • Plehn J.F.
        • D'Agostino R.B.
        • et al.
        Mitral annular calcification and the risk of stroke in an elderly cohort.
        N Engl J Med. 1992; 327: 374-379
        • Savage D.D.
        • Garrison R.J.
        • Castelli W.P.
        • et al.
        Prevalence of submitral (anular) calcium and its correlates in a general population-based sample (the Framingham Study).
        Am J Cardiol. 1983; 51: 1375-1378
        • Lindroos M.
        • Kupari M.
        • Heikkila J.
        • et al.
        Prevalence of aortic valve abnormalities in the elderly: an echocardiographic study of a random population sample.
        J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 21: 1220-1225
        • Otto C.M.
        • Lind B.K.
        • Kitzman D.W.
        • et al.
        Association of aortic-valve sclerosis with cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the elderly.
        N Engl J Med. 1999; 341: 142-147
        • Stewart B.F.
        • Siscovick D.
        • Lind B.K.
        • et al.
        Clinical factors associated with calcific aortic valve disease. Cardiovascular Health Study.
        J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 29: 630-634
        • Singh J.P.
        • Evans J.C.
        • Levy D.
        • et al.
        Prevalence and clinical determinants of mitral, tricuspid, and aortic regurgitation (the Framingham Heart Study).
        Am J Cardiol. 1999; 83: 897-902
        • Nkomo V.T.
        • Gardin J.M.
        • Skelton T.N.
        • et al.
        Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population-based study.
        Lancet. 2006; 368: 1005-1011
        • Freed L.A.
        • Levy D.
        • Levine R.A.
        • et al.
        Prevalence and clinical outcome of mitral-valve prolapse.
        N Engl J Med. 1999; 341: 1-7
        • Furberg C.D.
        • Manolio T.A.
        • Psaty B.M.
        • et al.
        Major electrocardiographic abnormalities in persons aged 65 years and older (the Cardiovascular Health Study). Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group.
        Am J Cardiol. 1992; 69: 1329-1335
        • Manolio T.A.
        • Furberg C.D.
        • Rautaharju P.M.
        • et al.
        Cardiac arrhythmias on 24-h ambulatory electrocardiography in older women and men: the Cardiovascular Health Study.
        J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994; 23: 916-925
        • Miyasaka Y.
        • Barnes M.E.
        • Gersh B.J.
        • et al.
        Secular trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation in Olmstead County, Minnesota, 1980 to 2000, and implications on the projections for future prevalence.
        Circulation. 2006; 114: 119-125
        • Furberg C.D.
        • Psaty B.M.
        • Manolio T.A.
        • et al.
        Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in elderly subjects (the Cardiovascular Health Study).
        Am J Cardiol. 1994; 74: 236-241
        • Lloyd-Jones D.M.
        • Wang T.J.
        • Leip A.P.
        • et al.
        Lifetime risk for development of atrial fibrillation.
        Circulation. 2004; 110: 1042-1046
        • Psaty B.M.
        • Manolio T.A.
        • Kuller L.H.
        • et al.
        Incidence of and risk factors for atrial fibrillation in older adults.
        Circulation. 1997; 96: 2455-2461
        • Kuller L.
        • Borhani N.
        • Furberg C.
        • et al.
        Prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease and association with risk factors in the Cardiovascular Health Study.
        Am J Epidemiol. 1994; 139: 1164-1179
        • Newman A.B.
        • Naydeck B.L.
        • Sutton-Tyrrell K.
        • et al.
        Coronary artery calcification in older adults to age 99: prevalence and risk factors.
        Circulation. 2001; 104: 2679-2684
        • Yue N.C.
        • Arnold A.M.
        • Longstreth Jr., W.T.
        • et al.
        Sulcal, ventricular, and white matter changes at MR imaging in the aging brain: data from the cardiovascular health study.
        Radiology. 1997; 202: 33-39
        • Bryan R.N.
        • Wells S.W.
        • Miller T.J.
        • et al.
        Infarct-like lesions in the brain: prevalence and anatomic characteristics at MR imaging of the elderly–data from the Cardiovascular Health Study.
        Radiology. 1997; 202: 47-54
        • Newman A.B.
        • Gottdiener J.S.
        • McBurnie M.A.
        • et al.
        Associations of subclinical cardiovascular disease with frailty.
        J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001; 56: M158-M166
        • Newman A.B.
        • Arnold A.M.
        • Naydeck B.L.
        • et al.
        “Successful aging”: effect of subclinical cardiovascular disease.
        Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163: 2315-2322
        • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
        Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. HCUPnet.
        (Available at:) (Accessed March 15, 2009)
        • Hodgson T.A.
        • Cohen A.J.
        Medical care expenditures for selected circulatory diseases: opportunities for reducing national health expenditures.
        Med Care. 1999; 37: 994-1012
        • Steinwachs D.M.
        • Collins-Nakai R.L.
        • Cohn L.H.
        • et al.
        The future of cardiology: utilization and costs of care.
        J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35: 91B-98B