Advertisement
Review Article| Volume 26, ISSUE 4, P645-692, November 2010

Preventing Falls and Fall-Related Injuries in Hospitals

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Clinics in Geriatric Medicine
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Oliver D.
        • Connelly J.
        • Victor C.
        • et al.
        Strategies to prevent falls and fractures in hospitals and care homes and effect of cognitive impairment. Systematic review and meta-analyses.
        BMJ. 2007; 334: 82-87
        • Hubbard R.
        The ageing of the population; implications for multidisciplinary care in hospital.
        Age Ageing. 2004; 33: 479-482
        • Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare
        Preventing falls and harm from falls in older people. Best practice guidelines for Australian hospitals and residential aged care facilities.
        Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare, Canberra (Australia)2009 (Available at:) (Accessed March 20, 2010)
        • National Patient Safety Agency
        Slips trips and falls in hospital.
        NPSA, London2007
        • Patient Safety First
        The “How to” guide to reducing harm from falls.
        (Available at:) (Accessed January 10, 2010)
        • Tan K.M.
        • Austin B.
        • Shaughnassy M.
        • et al.
        Falls in an acute hospital and their relationship to restraint use.
        Ir J Med Sci. 2005; 174: 28-31
        • Schwendimann R.
        • Buhler H.
        • De Geest S.
        • et al.
        Falls and consequent injuries in hospitalised patients; effects of an interdisciplinary falls prevention programme.
        BMC Health Serv Res. 2006; 6: 69
        • Dunton N.
        • Gajewski B.
        • Taunton R.L.
        • et al.
        Nurse staffing and patient falls on acute care hospital units.
        Nurs Outlook. 2004; 52: 53-59
        • Healey F.
        • Scobie S.
        • Oliver D.
        • et al.
        Falls in English and Welsh Hospitals: a national observational study based on retrospective analysis of 12 months of patient safety incident reports.
        Qual Saf Health Care. 2008; 17: 424-430
        • Healey F.
        • Monro A.
        • Cockram A.
        • et al.
        Using targeted risk factor reduction to prevent falls in older hospital inpatients.
        Age Ageing. 2004; 33: 390-395
        • Nyberg L.
        • Gustafson Y.
        • Janson A.
        • et al.
        Incidence of falls in three different types of geriatric care. A Swedish prospective study.
        Scand J Soc Med. 1997; 25: 8-13
        • Weintraub D.
        • Spurlock M.
        Change in the rate of restraint use and falls on a psychogeriatric inpatient unit: impact of the health care financing administration’s new restraint and seclusion standards for hospitals.
        J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2002; 15: 91-94
      1. National Patient Safety Agency. Slips trips and falls data update. NPSA: London; 2010. Available at: http://www.nrls.npsa.nhs.uk/resources/patient-safety-topics/patient-accidents-falls/?entryid45=74567. Accessed August 1, 2010.

        • Sari A.B.
        • Sheldon T.A.
        • Cracknell A.
        • et al.
        Sensitivity of routine system for reporting patient safety incidents in an NHS hospital.
        BMJ. 2007; 334: 79
        • Haines T.
        • Massey B.
        • Fleming J.
        • et al.
        Inconsistency in classification and reporting of in-hospital falls.
        J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009; 57: 517-523
        • Brandis S.
        A collaborative occupational therapy and nursing approach to falls prevention in hospital inpatients.
        J Qual Clin Pract. 1999; 19: 215-220
        • Halfon P.
        • Eggli Y.
        • Van Melle G.
        • et al.
        Risk of falls for hospitalized patients: a predictive model based on routinely available data.
        J Clin Epidemiol. 2001; 54: 1258-1266
        • Hitcho E.
        • Krauss M.
        • Birge S.
        • et al.
        Characteristics and circumstances of falls in a hospital setting.
        J Gen Intern Med. 2004; 19: 732-739
        • Nadkarni J.B.
        • Iyengar K.P.
        • Dussa C.
        • et al.
        Orthopaedic injuries following falls by hospital in-patients.
        Gerontology. 2005; 51: 329-333
        • Bates D.
        • Pruess K.
        • Souney P.
        • et al.
        Serious falls in hospitalized patients: correlates and resource utilization.
        Am J Med. 1995; 99: 137-143
        • Hill K.D.
        • Vu M.
        • Walsh W.
        Falls in the acute hospital setting—impact on resource utilisation.
        Aust Health Rev. 2007; 31: 471-477
        • Murray G.R.
        • Cameron I.D.
        • Cumming R.G.
        The consequences of falls in acute and subacute hospitals in Australia that result in proximal femoral fracture.
        J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007; 55: 577-582
        • Mahoney J.E.
        Immobility and falls.
        Clin Geriatr Med. 1998; 14: 699-726
        • Murphy J.
        • Isaacs B.
        The post fall syndrome. A study of 36 elderly inpatients.
        Gerontology. 1982; 28: 265-270
        • Oliver D.
        • Killick S.
        • Even T.
        • et al.
        Do falls and falls-injuries in hospital indicate negligent care – and how big is the risk? A retrospective analysis of the NHS Litigation Authority Database of clinical negligence claims, resulting from falls in hospitals in England 1995 to 2006.
        Qual Saf Health Care. 2008; 17: 431-436
        • Oliver D.
        Preventing falls and falls injuries in hospital. A major risk management challenge.
        Clin Risk. 2007; 13: 173-181
        • Morse J.M.
        Preventing patient falls.
        2nd edition. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks (CA)2000
      2. O’Byrne-Maguire. Epidemiological study of falls in Ireland based on incident and claims data created on STARSWeb from 2004–2008. Abstract presented at the 10th International Conference of Falls and postural stability. Blackpool, July 9, 2009.

        • Fonda D.
        • Cook J.
        • Sandler V.
        • et al.
        Sustained reduction in serious fall-related injuries in older people in hospital.
        Med J Aust. 2006; 184: 379-382
        • Hill A.-M.
        • Hoffmann T.
        • Hill K.
        • et al.
        Measuring falls events in acute hospitals—a comparison of three reporting methods to identify missing data in the hospital reporting systems.
        J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010; 58: 1347-1352
        • Gillespie L.
        • Robertson C.
        • Gillespie W.
        • et al.
        Interventions for preventing falls for older people living in the community.
        Cochrane Databse Syst Rev. 2009; 2 (CD007146)
        • Oliver D.
        • Daly F.
        • Martin F.C.
        Risk factors and risk assessment tools for falls in hospital inpatients. A systematic review.
        Age Ageing. 2004; 33: 122-130
        • Scott V.
        • Votova K.
        • Scanlan A.
        • et al.
        Multifactorial and functional mobility assessment tools for falls risk among older adults in the community, home-support, long-term care and acute settings.
        Age Ageing. 2007; 36: 130-140
        • National Ageing and Research Institute
        An analysis of research on preventing falls and falls injury in older people: community, residential care and hospital settings (2004 update). Report to the Australian Government, Department of Health and Ageing, Injury Prevention Section.
        Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra (Australia)2004
        • Shaw F.E.
        Falls in cognitive impairment and dementia.
        Clin Geriatr Med. 2002; 18: 159-173
        • British Geriatrics Society
        Guidelines for the prevention, investigation and management of older people in hospital with delirium.
        BGS, London2006 (Available at:) (Accessed January 22, 2010)
        • Sammet K.
        Autonomy of protection from harm. Judgement of German Courts on care for the elderly in nursing homes.
        J Med Ethics. 2007; 33: 534-537
        • Myers H.
        Hospital falls risk assessment tools: a critique of the literature.
        Int J Nurs Pract. 2003; 9: 233-235
        • Perell K.
        • Nelson A.
        • Goldman L.
        • et al.
        Fall risk assessment measures; an analytic review.
        J Gerontol. 2001; 46: M671-M676
        • Haines T.P.
        • Hill K.
        • Walshe W.
        • et al.
        Design-related bias in hospital falls risk screening tool predictive accuracy evaluations: systematic review and meta-analysis.
        J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007; 62: 664-672
        • Oliver D.
        • Healey F.
        Falls risk assessment tools for hospital inpatients. Do they work? Nursing Times Feb 2009.
        (Available at:) (Accessed December 4, 2009.)
        • Oliver D.
        • Papaioannou A.
        • Giangregorio L.
        • et al.
        A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using the STRATIFY tool for prediction of falls in hospital patients: how well does it work?.
        Age Ageing. 2008; 37: 621-627
        • Oliver D.
        • Britton M.
        • Seed P.
        • et al.
        Development and evaluation of an evidence-based risk assessment tool (STRATIFY) to predict which elderly patients will fall: case control and cohort studies.
        Br Med J. 1997; 315: 1049-1051
        • Vassallo M.
        • Stockdale R.
        • Sharma J.
        • et al.
        A comparative study of the use of four falls risk assessment tools on acute medical wards.
        J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005; 53: 1034-1038
        • Schwendimann R.
        • De Geest S.
        • Milisen K.
        Evaluation of the Morse Falls Scale in hospitalised patients.
        Age Ageing. 2006; 35: 311-313
      3. Haines T, McPhail S. Patient preference for falls prevention in hospitals revealed through willingness-to-pay, contingent valuation survey. J Eval Clin Pract, submitted for publication.

      4. Medical Research Council (UK). Medical Research Council Developing and evaluating complex interventions: new guidance MRC 2008.
        (Available at:) (Accessed May 10, 2009)
        • Guyatt G.H.
        • Oxman A.D.
        • Vist G.E.
        • et al.
        GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations.
        BMJ. 2008; 336: 924-926
        • Lamb S.E.
        • Jorstad-Stein E.C.
        • Hauer K.
        • et al.
        Prevention of falls network Europe (PROFANE) outcomes consensus group. Development of a common outcome dataset for fall injury prevention trials.
        J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005; 53: 1618-1622
        • Shorr R.
        • Mion L.
        • Rosenblatt L.
        • et al.
        Ascertainment of patient falls in hospital using an evaluation service: comparison with incident reports.
        J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007; 55: S1-S246
        • Olgilvie D.
        • Egan M.
        • Hamilton V.
        • et al.
        Systematic reviews of health effects of social interventions: 2. Best available evidence: how low should you go?.
        J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005; 59: 886-892
      5. American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society, American Association of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on falls Prevention. Guideline for the prevention of falls in older persons.
        J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001; 49: 664-672
        • Stenvall M.
        • Oloffson B.
        • Lundstrom M.
        A multidisciplinary, multifactorial intervention programme reduces falls and injuries after femoral neck fracture.
        Osteoporos Int. 2007; 18: 167-175
        • Cameron I.
        • Murray G.R.
        • Gillespie L.D.
        • et al.
        Interventions for preventing falls in older people in residential care facilities and hospitals.
        Cochrane library. 2010; (Available at:) (Accessed March 21, 2010)
        • Cumming R.G.
        • Sherrington C.
        • Lord S.R.
        • et al.
        Cluster randomised trial of a targeted multifactorial intervention to prevent falls among older people in hospital.
        BMJ. 2008; 336: 758-760
        • van der Helm J.
        • Goossens A.
        • Bossuyt P.
        When implementation fails: the case of a nursing guideline for fall prevention.
        Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2006; 32: 152-160
        • Barry E.
        • Laffoy M.
        • Matthews E.
        • et al.
        Preventing accidental falls among older people in long stay units.
        Ir Med J. 2001; 94: 172-175
        • National Patient Safety Agency
        Resources for reviewing and developing a bedrail policy.
        National Patient Safety Agency, London2007
        • Healey F.
        • Oliver D.
        • Milne A.
        • et al.
        The effect of bedrails on falls and injury: a systematic review of clinical studies.
        Age Ageing. 2008; 37: 368-378
        • Healey F.
        • Cronberg A.
        • Oliver D.
        Bedrail use in English and Welsh hospitals.
        J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009; 557: 1887-1891
        • Miles S.H.
        The new old age: safe in bed? New York Times March 10 2010.
        (Available at:) (Accessed May 10, 2010)
        • Food and Drug Administration USA
        Hospital bed system dimensional and assessment guidance to reduce entrapment from bedrails.
        FDA, Washington, DC2004 (Available at:) (Accessed May 10, 2009)
        • Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency
        Safe use of bedrails.
        MHRA, London2006 (Available at:) (Accessed May 10, 2009)
        • Royal College of Nursing
        Let’s talk about restraint: rights, risks and responsibility.
        RCN, London2007
        • Evans D.
        • Wood J.
        • Lambert L.
        A review of physical restraint minimisation in the acute care setting.
        J Adv Nurs. 2002; 40: 616-625
        • Evans D.
        • Wood J.
        • Lambert L.
        Patient injury and physical restraint devices: a systematic review.
        J Adv Nurs. 2003; 41: 274-282
      6. Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act 1987 USA government.

      7. Mental Capacity Act 2005 Her Majesty’s Government (UK) 2005.
        (Available at:) (Accessed May 10, 2010)
        • Dibartolo V.
        Nine steps to effective restraint use.
        Regist Nurse. 1998; 61: 23-24
        • Tideiksaar R.
        • Feiner C.F.
        • Maby J.
        Falls prevention: the efficacy of a non intrusive falls monitor in an acute care setting.
        Mt Sinai Med J. 1993; 60: 522-527
        • Sahota O.
        Vitamin D and inpatient falls.
        Age Ageing. 2009; 38: 339-340
        • Haines T.
        • Bell R.
        • Varghese P.
        Pragmatic, cluster randomised trial of a policy to introduce low-low beds to hospital wards for the prevention of falls and fall-injuries.
        J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010; 58: 435-441
        • Barreca S.
        • Sigouin C.S.
        • Lambert C.
        • et al.
        Effects of extra training on the ability of stroke survivors to perform an independent sit-to-stand: a randomized controlled trial.
        J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2004; 27: 59-64
        • Donald I.P.
        • Pitt K.
        • Armstrong E.
        • et al.
        Preventing falls on an elderly care rehabilitation ward.
        Clin Rehabil. 2000; 14: 178-185
        • Jarvis N.
        • Kerr K.
        • Mockett S.
        Pilot study to explore the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial to determine the dose effect of physiotherapy on patients admitted to hospital following a fall.
        Practical Evidence-based Physiotherapy. 2007; 2: 4-12
        • Haines T.
        • Hill K.
        • Bennell K.
        • et al.
        Additional exercise for older subacute hospital inpatients to prevent falls: benefits and barriers to implementation and evaluation.
        Clin Rehabil. 2007; 21: 742-753
        • Donoghue J.
        • Graham J.
        • Mitten-Lewis S.
        • et al.
        A volunteer companion-observer intervention reduces falls on an acute aged care ward.
        Int J Health Care Qual Assur Inc Leadersh Health Serv. 2005; 18: 24-31
        • Giles L.C.
        • Bolch D.
        • Rouvray R.
        • et al.
        Can volunteer companions prevent falls among inpatients? A feasibility study using a pre-post comparative design.
        BMC Geriatr. 2006; 6: 11
        • Boswell D.
        • Ramsey J.
        • Smith M.
        • et al.
        The cost-effectiveness of a patient-sitter program in an acute care hospital: a test of the impact of sitters on the incidence of falls and patient satisfaction.
        Qual Manag Health Care. 2001; 10: 10-16
        • Help the Aged
        Falls prevention; don’t mention the F word. Advice to practitioners on communicating fall prevention messages to older people.
        Help the Aged, London2008
        • Yardley L.
        • Donovan-Hall M.
        • Francis K.
        • et al.
        Older people’s views of advice about falls prevention: a qualitative study.
        Health Educ Res. 2006; 21: 508
        • Hill A.
        • McPhail S.
        • Hoffman T.
        • et al.
        A randomized trial of DVD versus written delivery of patient education materials for the provision of falls prevention education.
        J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009; 57: 1458-1463
        • Haines T.
        • Hill K.
        • Bennell K.
        • et al.
        Patient education to prevent falls in subacute care.
        Clin Rehabil. 2006; 20: 970-979
      8. Haines T, Hill A, Hill K, et al. Patient education to prevent falls amongst older hospital inpatients: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med, submitted for publication.

        • Mador J.E.
        • Giles L.
        • Whitehead C.
        • et al.
        A randomized controlled trial of a behavior advisory service for hospitalized older patients with confusion.
        Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004; 19: 858-863
        • Burleigh E.
        • McColl J.
        • Potter J.
        Does vitamin D stop inpatients falling? A randomised controlled trial.
        Age Ageing. 2007; 36: 507-513
        • Parker M.J.
        • Gillespie W.
        • Gillespie L.J.
        Effectiveness of hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in elderly people: systematic review Cochrane Database of systematic reviews 2005.
        (Available at:) (Accessed March 21, 2010)
        • van Schoor N.M.
        • Deville W.L.
        • Bouter L.M.
        • et al.
        Acceptance and compliance with external hip protectors: a systematic review of the literature.
        Osteoporos Int. 2002; 13: 917-924
        • Campbell A.J.
        Purity, pragmatism and hip protector pads [editorial].
        Age Ageing. 2001; 30: 431-432
        • Cryer C.
        • Knox A.
        • Martin D.
        • et al.
        Hip protector compliance among older people living in residential care homes.
        Inj Prev. 2002; 8: 202-206
        • Minns R.J.
        • Marsh A.M.
        • Chuck A.
        • et al.
        Are hip protectors correctly positioned in use?.
        Age Ageing. 2007; 36: 140-144
        • Haines T.
        • Bennell K.
        • Osborne R.
        • et al.
        Effectiveness of targeted falls prevention programme in subacute hospital setting: randomised controlled trial.
        BMJ. 2004; 328: 676-679
        • Haines T.
        • Hill K.
        • Bennell K.
        • et al.
        Hip protector use amongst older hospital inpatients: compliance and functional consequences.
        Age Ageing. 2006; 35: 520-523
        • Drahota A.
        • Gal D.
        • Windsor J.
        Flooring as an intervention to reduce injuries from falls in healthcare settings: an overview.
        Quality in Ageing and Older Adults. 2007; 8: 3-9
      9. Robertson MC, Milburn PD, Carman AB, et al. Safety flooring: energy absorption, postural stability, and gait patterns. Paper presented at 3rd Australian and New Zealand Falls Prevention Society Conference Melbourne, Australia 12–14 October 2008.

        • University of Portsmouth Hip-hop flooring study
        (Available at:) (Accessed May 21, 2010)
        • Simpson A.
        • Lamb S.
        • Roberts P.
        Does the type of flooring affect the risk of hip fracture?.
        Age Ageing. 2004; 33: 242-246
      10. Brown P, Njogu F, Kerse N, et al. Cost effectiveness of impact absorbent flooring and hip protectors among institutionalized elderly. Paper from the School of Population Health, University of Auckland, October 2008.

        • Lord S.R.
        • Sherrington C.
        • Menz H.B.
        Falls in older people: risk factors and strategies for prevention.
        2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK)2007
        • Hartikainen S.
        • Lonnroos E.
        • Lohivouri K.
        Medication as a risk factor for falls: critical systematic review.
        J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007; 62: 1172-1181
        • Wootton R.
        • Bryson E.
        • Elsasser U.
        • et al.
        Risk factors for fractured neck of femur in the elderly.
        Age Ageing. 1982; 11: 160
        • Milton J.
        • Jackson S.
        Inappropriate polypharmacy. Reducing the burden of inappropriate medication.
        Clin Med. 2007; 7: 514-517
        • Zermansky A.
        • Alldred D.
        • Petty D.
        • et al.
        Clinical medication review by a pharmacist of elderly people living in care homes: randomised controlled trial.
        Age Ageing. 2006; 35: 586-591
        • Haumschild M.
        • Karfonta T.L.
        • Haumschild M.S.
        • et al.
        Clinical and economic outcomes of a fall-focussed pharmaceutical intervention programme.
        Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2003; 60: 1029-1032
        • Peterson J.
        • Kuperman G.
        • Shek C.
        • et al.
        Guided prescription of psychotropic medications for geriatric inpatients.
        Arch Intern Med. 2005; 165: 802-807
        • Inouye S.K.
        • Brown C.J.
        • Tinetti M.E.
        Medicare nonpayment, hospital falls, and unintended consequences.
        N Engl J Med. 2009; 360: 2390-2393
        • Bradley E.H.
        • Webster T.R.
        • Schlesinger M.
        • et al.
        Patterns of diffusion of evidence-based clinical programmes: a case study of the Hospital Elder Life Program.
        Qual Saf Health Care. 2006; 15: 334-338
        • Lundstrom M.
        • Olofsson B.
        • Stenvall M.
        • et al.
        Postoperative delirium in old patients with femoral neck fracture: a randomized intervention study.
        Aging Clin Exp Res. 2007; 19: 178
        • Jack C.I.
        • Smith T.
        • Neoh C.
        • et al.
        Prevalence of low vision in elderly patients admitted to an acute geriatric unit in Liverpool: elderly people who fall are more likely to have low vision.
        Gerontology. 1995; 41: 280-285
        • Grue E.V.
        • Kirkevold M.
        • Ranhoff A.H.
        Prevalence of vision, hearing, and combined vision and hearing impairments in patients with hip fractures.
        J Clin Nurs. 2009; 18: 3037-3049
        • Cameron I.D.
        • Kurrle S.
        Preventing falls in elderly people living in hospitals and care homes.
        BMJ. 2007; 334: 53-54
        • Coussement J.
        • De Paepe L.
        • Schwendimann R.
        • et al.
        Interventions for preventing falls in acute and chronic care settings.
        J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007; 56: 29-36
        • Vassallo M.
        • Vignaraja R.
        • Sharma J.C.
        • et al.
        The effect of changing practice on fall prevention in a rehabilitative hospital: the hospital injury prevention study.
        J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004; 52: 335-339
        • Stern C.
        • Jayasekara R.
        Interventions to reduce the incidence of falls in older adult patients in acute-care hospitals: a systematic review.
        International Journal of Evidence-based Healthcare. 2009; 7: 243-249
        • Rosenthal M.
        Non-payment for performance? Medicare’s new reimbursement rule.
        N Engl J Med. 2007; 357: 1573
        • Nigam Y.
        • Knight J.
        • Jones A.
        Effects of bedrest 3: musculoskeletal and immune systems, skin and self-perception.
        Nurs Times. 2009; 105: 18-22
        • Pronovost P.
        • Berenholtz S.
        • Needham D.
        Translating evidence into practice: a model for large scale knowledge translation.
        BMJ. 2008; 337: a1714
        • Menz H.
        • Sherrington C.
        The footwear assessment form: a reliable clinical tool to assess footwear characteristics of relevance to postural stability in older adults.
        Clin Rehabil. 2000; 14: 657
        • Chari S.
        • Haines T.
        • Economedis A.
        • et al.
        Are non-slip socks really ‘non-slip’? An analysis of slip resistance.
        BMC Geriatr. 2009; 9: 39
        • Barker A.
        • Kamar J.
        • Morton A.
        • et al.
        Bridging the gap between research and practice: review of a targeted hospital inpatient fall prevention programme.
        Qual Saf Health Care. 2009; 18: 467-472
        • Grenier-Sennelier C.
        • Lombard I.
        • Jeny-Loeper C.
        • et al.
        Designing adverse event prevention programs using quality management methods: the case of falls in hospital.
        Int J Qual Health Care. 2002; 14: 419
        • Koh S.
        • Hafiza N.
        • Lee J.
        • et al.
        Impact of fall prevention programme in acute hospital settings in Singapore.
        Singapore Med J. 2009; 50: 425-430
        • Krauss M.J.
        • Tutlam N.
        • Costantinou E.
        • et al.
        Intervention to prevent falls on the medical service in a teaching hospital.
        Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008; 29: 539-545
        • Oliver D.
        • Martin F.
        • Seed P.
        Preventing patient falls.
        Age Ageing. 2002; 31: 75-76
        • Uden G.
        • Ehnfors M.
        • Sjostrom K.
        Use of initial risk assessment and recording as the main nursing intervention in identifying risk of falls.
        J Adv Nurs. 1999; 29: 145-152
        • von Renteln-Kruse W.
        • Krause T.
        Incidence of in-hospital falls in geriatric patients before and after the introduction of an interdisciplinary team-based fall-prevention intervention.
        J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007; 55: 2068-2074
        • Barrett J.A.
        • Bradshaw M.
        • Hutchinson K.
        • et al.
        Reduction of falls-related injuries using a hospital inpatient falls prevention program.
        J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004; 52: 1969
        • Kwok T.
        • Mok F.
        • Chien W.T.
        • et al.
        Does access to bed-chair pressure sensors reduce physical restraint use in the rehabilitative care setting?.
        J Clin Nurs. 2006; 15: 581-587
        • Downs S.H.
        • Black N.
        The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions.
        J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998; 52: 377-384
        • von Renteln-Kruse W.
        • Krause T.
        [Fall events in geriatric hospital in-patients. Results of prospective recording over a 3 year period].
        Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2004; 37 ([in German]): 9-14